Course guide of Quantum Physics (2671132)

It is recommended to have passed the following courses: Physics, Mathematical Methods, Linear Algebra and Geometry, Mathematics and Mechanics and Waves and desirable to have passed also the course Numerical Methods and Simulation.

In the case of using AI tools for the development of the course, the student must adopt an ethical and responsible use of them. The students must follow the recommendations contained in the document “Recomendaciones para el uso de la inteligencia artificial en la UGR” (Recommendations for the use of artificial intelligence at the UGR). This document can be found at https://ceprud.ugr.es/formacion-tic/inteligencia-artificial/recomendaciones-ia#contenido0

• Origins of Quantum Physics. The wave function and the Copenhagen interpretation.
• The Schrödinger equation and the time-independent Schrödinger equation.
• One-dimensional problems.
• Angular momentum. Three-dimensional problems with central potentials.
• Approximate methods for stationary states.
• Experimental techniques in Quantum Physics.

The student will know and understand:

• The quantum theoretical basis of modern physics.
• The structure of quantum theory, its experimental support and its phenomenology.
• The scales and orders of magnitude of physical phenomena.

The student will be able to:

• Solve the given problems, applying the required mathematical and numerical methods.
• Learn the basics of a physical process or phenomenon and establish a model to solve it, developing the pertinent approximations in order to reduce the original problem to a treatable level.
• Initiate in new fields independently.
• Acquire a knowledge of the discipline that allows them to model and understand the essential characteristics of the dynamics of microscopic systems.
• Develop a critical thinking that allows them to build and test physical models, by incorporating new experimental data to the available models, verifying their validity and suggesting changes in order to improve the agreement between the models and the data.

I. BASIC PHENOMENOLOGY: Old Quantum Physics

1. Radiation and Matter: situation in Physics at the end of the 19th century. Black body radiation: classical theory and Planck's postulate.
2. Particle nature of radiation: Photoelectric effect. Cathode rays. X-rays. Compton diffusion.
3. Old atomic models: The Rutherford model. The Bohr model. The Franck-Hertz experiment. The Bohr-Sommerfeld model: quantization rules. The Zeeman effect.
4. Wave nature of matter: matter waves: The de Broglie postulate. Experimental confirmation: The Davisson-Germer experiment.
5. Wave-particle duality.

II. THE WAVE FUNCTION AND THE SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION.

1. The wave function, its equation and its probabilistic interpretation. Wave packets. Uncertainty Principle.
2. The Schrödinger's equation and probability conservation. Position and momentum representation. Expected values. Ehrenfest's theorem.
3. The eigenvalue equation of energy or time-independent Schrödinger equation. Quantization of energy. Time evolution of the states.

III. ONE-DIMENSIONAL CASES.

1. Diffusion processes: Step potential. Potential barrier. Reflection and transmission coefficients. Tunnel effect.
2. Bound states: Square well potentials. Harmonic oscillator.
3. Potentials with deltas. Periodic potentials.

IV. ANGULAR MOMENTUM.

1. Orbital angular momentum and spatial rotations.
2. General theory of angular momentum. Matrix representation of angular momentum operators. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Spherical harmonics.
3. The electron spin. The Stern-Gerlach experiment.
4. Composition of angular momentum. Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. Total angular momentum.

V. THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS.

1. Separable variable potentials in Cartesian coordinates: free particle, three-dimensional square wells. The isotropic harmonic oscillator.
2. Two-particle systems with central force. Coordinate separation. Radial equation and degeneracy. The free particle. Square wells. The isotropic harmonic oscillator.
3. The hydrogen-like atom. Energy Spectrum. Spectroscopic notation. Spin-orbit interaction.
4. Perturbation theory. Applications. Variational method. The Helium atom.

Exercise sessions:

• Detailed resolution of a selection of problems associated with each of the topics.

Laboratory sessions:

Practice 0. Introduction to the Quantum Physics laboratory.

Practice 1. The charge-to-mass ratio of the electron.

Practice 2. The photoelectric effect.

Practice 3. Electron diffraction.

Practice 4. Atomic spectra.

Practice 5. The Franck-Hertz experiment.

-Theory:

• B.H. Bransden and C.J. Joachain, “Quantum Mechanics”; 2nd ed., Pearson; Dorchester, 2000.
• C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu and F. Lalöe, “Quantum Mechanics”; 3 vols, Wiley-VCH, 2020.
• A. Galindo y P. Pascual, “Mecánica Cuántica”; Eudema; Madrid, 1989 (advanced text book).
• N. Zettili, "Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications". 2º ed. Wiley 2009.
• R. Eisberg y R. Resnick, “Física Cuántica”; Limusa, 1979.
• L. D. Landau y E. M. Lifshitz, “Curso de Física Teórica. Vol. 3. Mecánica Cuántica (Teoría no-relativista)”; Reverté; Barcelona, 1978.
• A. Messiah, “Mecánica Cuántica”; Tecnos; Madrid, 1973 (advanced text book).
• P. Pereyra Padilla, “Fundamentos de Física Cuántica”; Reverté; 2011.
• R. W. Robinett, “Quantum Mechanics: Classical Results, Modern Systems, and Visualized Examples”; 2nd ed., Oxford Univ. Press; 2006.
• C. Sánchez del Río (coordinator), “Física Cuántica”; Eudema; Madrid, 1991.

-Problems:

• A.Z. Capri, “Problems & Solutions in Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics”; World Scientific; 2002.
• F. Constantinescu & E. Magyari, “Problems in Quantum Mechanics”; Pergamon Press; 1971.
• A. Galindo y P. Pascual, “Problemas de Mecánica Cuántica”; Eudema; Madrid, 1989.
• Y.K. Lim, “Problems and Solutions in Quantum Mechanics”; World Scientific.
• Y. Peleg, R. Pnini and E. Zaarur, “Schaum´s Outline of Theory and Problems of Quantum Mechanics”; McGraw-Hill; 1998.

• D. Bohm, “Quantum Theory”; Dover; New York, 1989.
• S. Brandt y H. D. Dahmen, H.D., “The picture book of quantum mechanics”; Wiley; 1985.
• A.Z. Capri, “Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics”; 3º ed., World Scientific; 2002.
• P. A. M. Dirac, “The Principles of Quantum Mechanics”; Oxford Univ. Press; Oxford, 1958.
• R. Fernández Álvarez-Estrada y J. L Sánchez-Gómez, “100 problemas de Física Cuántica”; Alianza Editorial; Madrid, 1996.
• R.P. Feynman, R.B. Leighton and M. Sands, “The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. III. Mecánica Cuántica” (edic. bilingüe inglés-español); Fondo Educativo Interamericano; 1971.
• S. Flügge, “Practical Quantum Mechanics”; 2nd ed., Springer; 1998.
• S. Gasiorowicz, “Quantum Physics”; 3º ed., Wiley; 2003.
• D.J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics”; 2nd ed., Pearson Prentice Hall; 2004.
• C. S. Johnson y L. G. Pedersen, “Problems and solutions in Quantum Chemistry and Physics”; Dover; New York, 1986.
• F. Mandl, “Quantum Mechanics”; Wiley; 2013.
• J. Sánchez Guillén y M. A. Braun, “Física cuántica”; Alianza Univ.; 1993.
• L. I. Schiff, “Quantum Mechanics”; 3º ed., McGraw; 1968.
• G. L. Squires, “Problems in Quantum Mechanics with solutions”; Bangalore Univ. Press; 1997.
• B. Thaller, “Visual Quantum Mechanics”; Springer; 2000
• A. I. M. Rae, “Quantum Mechanics”; 5th. ed., Taylor & Francis; 2007.
• Ta-You Wu, “Quantum Mechanics”; World Scientific; 1986.
• F. J. Yndurain Muñoz, “Mecánica Cuántica”; 2º ed., Ariel; 2003.

• MIT courses: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/
• Royal Spanish Physical Society: http://www.rsef.org/
• Quantum Physics Web: http://www.fisicacuantica.es
• NIST database: http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/index.cfm
• Physics degree at UGR, Physics Academic Commission:http://grados.ugr.es/fisica/

• MD01. Theoretical classes

• The score of the exams corresponding to the contents of the first and second four-month periods will have a weight in the total grade of 50% and 40%, respectively. The remaining 10% of the total grade corresponds to the realization and evaluation of the laboratory practices.
• At the end of the first four-month period there will be a partial exam corresponding to the contents of that period. Students who do not pass this exam (and those who want to improve their grade) will also have the option of taking it in the corresponding final ordinary exam.
• The ordinary assessment session will consist of two exams: one for the evaluation of the each four-month period.
• In order to pass the whole course, it is necessary to have a uniform and balanced knowledge of the whole subject. In particular, it will be required to perform and pass the laboratory practices. Additionally, a minimum of 4 out of 10 must be obtained in the evaluation of the contents of each of the four-month periods.

Students who cannot attend the final evaluation exams or those scheduled in the Teaching Guide with an official date, due to any of the circumstances listed in Article 9 of the Regulations for Evaluation and Grading of Students of the UGR, may request evaluation by incidences, following the procedure indicated in these Regulations.

• The evaluation in the extraordinary assessment session will be carried out by means of three tests: one in which the contents of the first four-month period will be evaluated with a weight of 50% in the final grade, one devoted to evaluate the contents of the second four-month period, with a weight of 40%, and one to evaluate the laboratory practices, with a weight of 10%. However, those students who have passed the part of the exam associated with the laboratory practices will not have the obligation to repeat this part, maintaining in that case the grade previously obtained.

Following the Regulations for Evaluation and Grading of Students of the UGR, a single final evaluation is possible for those students who cannot follow the continuous evaluation method for any of the reasons listed in Article 8. In order to apply for the single final evaluation, the student, in the first two weeks of the course, in the two weeks following registration if this has occurred later, or later if there is a supervening cause, should request it through the electronic office, alleging and accrediting the reasons for not being able to follow the continuous evaluation system.

• The single final evaluation will be carried out by means of three tests: one in which the contents of the first four-month period will be evaluated with a weight of 50% in the final grade, one devoted to evaluate the contents of the second four-month period, with a weight of 40%, and the last one to evaluate the laboratory practices with a weight of 10%.

• Students with specific educational support needs (NEAE)
  Following the recommendations of the CRUE and the Secretariado de Inclusión y Diversidad de la UGR, the systems of acquiring and evaluating of competences included in this teaching guide will be applied according to the principle of design for all people, facilitating the learning and demonstration of skills according to the needs and functional diversity of the students. The teaching methodology and evaluation will be adapted to students with NEAE, according to Article 11 of the Regulations on Evaluation and Grading of students of the UGR, published in the Official Bulletin of the UGR No. 112 of November 9, 2016.
• Inclusion and Diversity of the UGR
  In the case of students with disabilities or other NEAE, the tutoring system must be adapted to their needs, according to the recommendations of the Unidad de Inclusión de la UGR, proceeding the Departments and Centers to establish the appropriate measures to have the tutorials in accessible places. Likewise, the teaching staff, may request support from the competent unit of the University when special methodological adaptations are needed. Information of interest for students with disabilities and/or Specific Educational Support Needs (NEAE): Management of services and support (https://ve.ugr.es/servicios/atencion-social/estudiantes-con-discapacidad).
• Laboratory practices The student will receive, at the beginning of the course, information on the Safety Standards and the correct development of the practices. A document will be available in the PRADO platform of the course. It is of mandatory reading and application during the practices, the non-compliance of the same by the student exempts any responsibility to the professor who teaches the practices and the department where they are carried out.